1-HIV MAP
Human immunodeficiency virus infection is, in fact, a spectrum of medical/biological conditions, caused by the virus that impairs human immune system. Its symptoms appear later, and for that reason, it is considered a silent killer. With the time, its interference, with the immune system increases that makes a person more prone to common diseases. From the study, we learn that in different regions of the world, the number, of people affected by it, varies. For instance, in some parts/cities, of the globe, the number of people affected by HIV is higher in comparison with other parts/cities of the world. As it is a global disease; therefore, satiations/scientists have developed maps to understand that which parts of the world have the highest rate of people with HIV. It allows them to study this disease also from a geographical perspective. It is a recognized fact that geography directly impacts the culture and norms and culture influences habits and behavior that include sexual behavior, which is considered the primary cause of its spread (Ramsey).
2-LIVING ON UP TO $10
According to the statistics, in the 7, out of 12 regions of the world, half of the population lives below $10 (US) per day. Statistics also reveal that in some countries $10 buys more goods and services than in the United States. It helps us understand that in some parts of the world, certain currencies have higher purchasing power. From this, we also infer that in some parts of the world, the cost of living is higher than other countries. To understand these facts and statistics, we will use specific economic concepts, which include demand and supply and purchasing power parity. In developed countries, household earns more, which is why the consumption rate is very high. In fact, consumption is considered an engine of growth in developing economies such as people earn more; therefore, the demand for services and goods is high that is why the cost of living is high. In developing countries, on the other hand, households earn less; therefore, aggregate demand, for goods and services, is low, which is why the cost of living is also low. It is the reason why Purchasing Power Parity is so vast between developed and developing countries (World Mapper).
3-HOW WEATHER AND CLIMATE WILL CHANGE NEXT?
Because of the industrial and human activity, the world temperature has risen. In the last century, the use of fossil fuel had increased drastically, because of the new means of transportation, which had coupled with industrial pollution. According to the statistics, the human and industrial activity, after the Industrial Revolution, has increased the global temperature to 1Co. It has brought various climatic changes and affected the pattern and intensity of weather. There has been an increase in heavy rains worldwide, which is affecting life and agriculture production. The increase in sea levels, around the world because of melting of polar ice, is another consequence of rising temperature. The statistics reveal that around 13.4% polar ice has reduced, on average, every decade, since 1979. According to different studies, regarding climate change, if humans and governments did not change their behavior, drastically, the temperature would rise to 1.5 Co, which will cause floods and heavy rains. Human life and food production will be severely affected (Frieler).
4-IS THE GLOBAL WARMING WENT?
In 2016 reports surfaced that the ozone layer was healing. It led to the conclusion, by some groups that oppose the climate change theory and call it a hoax, which nature has started to heal itself and therefore these groups inferred that global warming is gone if there was any. This conclusion is also based on the rationale that because of increased awareness and government measures, deterioration of the global environment has reduced drastically, which has allowed the global environment to recover. However, this assertion is based on a single fact, when we know that there are various factors, which impact the global environment and cause climate change. As per comprehensive studies, the global temperature has risen around 1Co, which is causing devastation around the world. The increase in heavy rains and floods, which is causing people to migrate, is one of the consequences of an increase in global temperature. It has been projected that because of human/industrial activity, global temperature will increase further, which will yield more challenges for humans (Milman).
5-IS PLANT TREES ENOUGH TO IMPROVE WHAT HUMAN RUINNING?
According to the studies, plantation of trees is a crucial weapon to fight global warming or climate change. Forests play a significant role in protecting the environment, such as the ozone layer, and address the issue of the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The planting of trees, in particular area, increases the amount of oxygen in the air; which counterbalance carbon-dioxide has been added to the atmosphere because of human/industrial activity. However, studies also infer that the planting of new trees only mitigates the challenge, yielding to the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Therefore, planting of new trees only addresses the issue, to an extent; it does not solve the issue. Therefore, the emphasis goes back to human and industrial activity, which must be regulated to the extent that it does not adversely impact the environment or should not become the cause of significant climate change. Economists have produced the sustainable, environment-friendly economic models. The Green-economy has become a very relevant subject (Grantham Research Institute).
6-THE STATUS OF AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS
As per US government, the immigrant is an alien, non-US citizen who has been given the right by USCIS to live in the United States permanently and to do job/work without any restriction. Another term, for it, is a Lawful Permanent Resident and individuals, who are given this status, eventually get Green Card from USCIS. The new US administration, which is headed by Donald Trump, has devised new policies regarding immigration. A more stern process of vetting has been introduced stricter and rigid immigration policy and the process of obtaining/getting green card has become more cumbersome than before. In fact, the status, of many immigrants, has become highly vulnerable, as their chances of getting green card have reduced drastically. In fact, this policy is devised to discourage foreigners or aliens, especially of particular parts of the world, to migrate to the US and become US citizens. However, this policy is somewhat lenient towards Anglophone workers (Al Jazeera).
7-IMMIGRANTS IN EUROPE
Since the eruption, of war, in Syria and Libya, the number of immigrants in Europe has swelled. It is because many people from these parts of the world migrated to Europe, instead to other Arab countries, as these countries were offering fewer opportunities and benefits to these war-affected populations. These populations migrated to Europe, in clusters which appeared as waves to the observers. These mass migrations had political and economic ramifications for European countries; therefore, different countries reacted differently. For instance, Germany had a very liberal policy for migrants; however, other countries took aggressive measures to halt this immigration. One such example is Hungary, which considered Prime Minister Viktor Orban called Junker Plan is silly. Similarly, Czech Republic viewed immigration detrimental and suggested it should be the discretion of a country to devise policy regarding the mass migration and immigrants. Around 1.26 million applied for European asylum and status, of the immigrants, is still ambiguous, which mostly depends upon the economic conditions (Europarl).
8-IS THE OIL ETERNAL?
Oil supply and oil prices directly impact the global economic system. It is because not only oil is used to generate power, but also transportation industry entirely depends upon fossil fuel/gas. For instance, the increase in oil prices increases the cost of production and transportation, which is reflected in the prices. However, when the supply of oil expands, oil prices dwindle, which lowers the cost of production and transportation, which pushes general price level downwards. Since the Great Recession, major oil-producing countries have produced more oil. This expansion of oil supply has reduced prices; however, it has also become a concern as global oil resources have started to deplete. In fact, it is being projected that major oil reserves will deplete much quicker than earlier projections or conjectures. It has shifted focus towards alternate energy resources and vehicles that run on batteries. Therefore, we can deduce that oil is not eternal and it will deplete if human continued to emphasize on it for the production of power and to run vehicles (Rapier).
9-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES
Sustainable development is such development, which meets human/societal/state objectives without impacting the environment. In fact, it relies on sustainable or natural resources to meet these goals. Governments, around the world, are emphasizing on alternative energy generating systems to meet power requirements. The focus is on hydro and solar power-generation systems. Humans have been generating power from hydro-power systems for an extended period, which is why the method and system for generating power have matured. Recently, governments and private companies have started to focus on systems, based on solar and wind resources, to produce power, which is also maturing. The sustainable development is not just limited to power generation, but also the managing of forests and producing green jobs are now also priorities of governments around the world. However, this concept is still very recent, and it will take considerable time to mature, although it has become a priority of governments around the globe (United Nations).
10-EASTER ISLAND
It is a Chilean Island, which became famous after the discovery of 887 statutes, monumental in size. As per studies, these statues were created by Rapa Nui people, which civilization was unique as it had little impact on surrounding civilizations. The studies also reveal that Polynesian people inhabited these islands around 700 AD, which suggests that this civilization is not as old as other South American civilizations, which were very mature, sophisticated and based on or influenced by astronomical knowledge. It is a unique place because it helps us understand how human activity and overpopulation can destroy civilization. Studies suggest that Polynesian people, who inhabited Easter Island, deforested the island for temporary needs and as the population grew and resources depleted, the island became inhabitable, or it could not sustain life/civilization anymore. There are enormous lessons for humans in the destruction of Polynesian civilization, which could facilitate contemporary humans to take better measures (Ponting).
11-DIGITAL MAPPING IS SHAPING OUR TOMORROW
Cartography can be defined, in simple terms, a study of making maps. During the period of colonialism, mapping became an instrument to understand geography, which could be used for economic and military purposes or objectives. This entire process, of producing an accurate map, was extremely cumbersome and in some parts of the world, it was hazardous. However, a computer became more personal, and as their utility increased, mapping also became a simpler task than previously. With the help of new gadgets and computers, cartographers could produce precise maps, which could be used for several purposes. In the contemporary world, digital maps are being produced, which are based on clusters of data, collected from single or various sources. This large data are compiled to produce digital maps, which help private companies and governments in meeting their objectives. For instance, these digital maps can produce real-time information to facilitate private companies and governments. Also, ordinary people are using these maps for finding food in places of work (McMullan).
12-DO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CONTRIBUTED MORE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change is a serious concern and despite few groups opposes it by calling it a hoax, it remains a global concern, and many countries around the world consider it a relevant and an existential threat. Though the majority of the countries agrees that it is a threat and it must be addressed; there is a debate regarding the prime responsibility of addressing the concern. The developing countries are of the view that their contribution, to global warming and climate change, amounts to nothing and the prime culprit is developed the world. After the industrial revolution, West industrialized and started to produce at mass scale. During this period not only resources were insensitively and imprudently exploited, but also they were used in such fashion that severely impacted the environment. Therefore, developing countries argue that the onus is on developed countries to fight global warming and climate change and they facilitate developing countries in fighting not only climate change but its ramifications (Debate.org).
13-HOW CHANGES IN DEMOGRAPHICS WILL SHAPE THE FUTURE?
The changes, in global demographics, are an intriguing subject for economists. It is because changes in demographics bring about changes in demand and consumption. However, before that, it is imperative to explain the term demography. Demography is a change in population size and structure, because of birth-rate, deaths, aging population, and immigration. When we study the demography of different countries around the world, we learn that different factors mentioned above are contributing differently to the changes in it. For instance, in Japan and some European countries, the aging population is a serious concern, and it is directly and enormously impacting both demography and economic systems. In Japan, because of the aging population labor force as a resource is depleted and consumption has reduced. Government is spending more on healthcare, which is creating fiscal challenges. In other parts of the world, such as Europe and USA, mass migration is changing demographics and impacting both industrial and service sectors (PWC Global).
14-HOW STABLE ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATING SYSTEMS ARE?
Since it has been established that social and environmental cost, of producing power from fossil fuel, is too high, governments have started to emphasize on alternative means or resources to generate power. One of the means is Hydel energy, which is being used as a mean to generate electricity/power for quite some time. Other than Hydel power systems other resources, such as solar, air and tidal are also being exploited to produce power. However, systems based on these alternative resources have not matured much. We also learn that some of these systems, such as solar-based energy systems, are more evolved than the others. According to the studies, the price of a typical independent solar-panel system, for an average household, has reduced drastically. It is because such systems have become cost-efficient, as the industry is about to hit economies of scale. However, alternative systems of generating power will take considerable time to mature and become more efficient (Neslen).
15-HOW URBANIZATION IS IMPACT AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIAL, AND SERVICE SECTORS?
Studies show that more and more people, in developing countries, are migrating to large urban centers. There are various economic and social reasons for such asymmetric urbanization. However, the principal reason is that agriculture sector, in developing countries, is not yielding as many opportunities as the industrial sector. Secondly, the opportunities produced by agriculture sector are not as lucrative as opportunities produced by industrial or service sector. This urbanization study further reveals advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages is that in rural areas more land is available per-capita, which increases the utility of land. Also, the urbanization expands the labor supply for industrial and service sectors, which reduces the cost of production. The reduction, in the cost of production, decreases general price level, which increases consumption, which is considered an engine of growth. The disadvantage is that asymmetric urbanization results in an extraordinary burden on the social and physical infrastructure of an urban center (Revision World).
16-HOW BIG DATA IS SHAPING THE PRODUCTION AND TRADE?
As online activity has increased, because of accessible and affordable availability of the internet, more, data related to all our activities online, is available to study. Our online activities generate data, which provide vital information regarding preferences and choices of individuals. Based on these preferences and priorities, individuals are categorized into large groups/clusters, and then these clusters or groups are studied from various perspectives. For large corporate firms, this data, which is available in enormity, is of high relevance, as it helps in understanding demand. Economists are of the view that better understanding of demand will improve both production and markets, as producers will produce those services and products that are desired. It will also discourage companies to manipulate demand, as they would have precise information regarding demand. It implies that resources would not be imprudent exploited and it would allow economies to perform better. However, the issues about privacy affect access to such large clusters of structured and unstructured data (Columbus).
17-WHY URBANIZATION MUST HAVE A METHOD?
Urbanization is an old phenomenon, and from the study of history and economic progress, we can assert that when industrialization starts in an economy, urbanization starts to occur. It is because mostly industry develops around large cities, which have better infrastructure and high demand for products and services. As the industry expands, it starts to yield more opportunities, which are more lucrative than the opportunities, which are produced by the agriculture sector. Also, the industry is considered vital sector to accelerate economic progress; therefore, governments put extra-emphasis on cities/industries. It neglects rural region, which becomes further less lucrative. There are several advantages associated with urbanization, which includes expansion of labor supply and high employment. Also, it leaves more per-capita land for those, who are still dwelling in a rural region. However, if the urbanization is unmethodical or asymmetric, it will have horrible consequences for urban centers. Overpopulation and surplus labor will increase poverty, which has a direct correlation with crime (Weforum.org).
18-IS RELIGION BECOMING IRRELEVANT?
From the systematic and methodical study of history, we learn that religion has strongly influenced civilization development. Some experts assert that in the beginning, of any civilization, religion is a sub-component of culture, which is influenced by many factors such as climate and geography; however, it grows so large and becomes so relevant that it starts to influence culture. There are several examples of this, one of which is Hinduism, which was a sub-component of Indic/Indus culture; however, it grew larger than culture itself and gave birth to various subcultures and phenomena, which include Hindu caste system. Another example is about Islam, which evolved from subculture to culture itself. However, since the beginning of the age of science, religion’s relevance and validity have diminished somewhat, especially in Europe. However, this is also a fact that most of the world population believes in Supreme Deity and follow an organized religion to an extent; participates in rituals and celebrate religious holidays. Studies project that religion will never disappear entirely; however, its relevance many diminish further. It is correlated with economic progress (Nuwer).
19-HOW FAR CONTEMPORARY STATES HAVE MOVED FROM THE CLASSICAL CONCEPT OF THE NATION-STATE?
As per experts, the concept of nation-state emerged around the 15th century, when understanding regarding economy, culture, and geography increased. During the same period, cartography evolved, which facilitated the concept of the nation-state to mature. As per this concept, a nation is a necessary part of a state, which gives both geography and structure to a state. For instance, Zionists believe that wherever Israelites dwelled, during a particular period, that land belongs to the Jews. The concept of nation-state remained very intact till World War II; however, after World War II, this concept started to erode, because of several factors, which included changes in demographics and economic systems. The contemporary states are very different from a typical nation-state, as they have become very accepting of aliens/foreigners and no more strongly associate culture with the nation. In fact, modern states believe in cultural diversity, as it is believed that cultural diversity positively impacts the economy and social evolution (Koehler).
20-DOES GEOGRAPHY INFLUENCE INTERPRETATION OF RELIGION?
Geography not only impacts interpretation of religion, but also determines, to the most extent, the faith of newborn. For instance, if one is born in Saudi Arabia, it is likely that he/she will adopt Islam as a religion. If someone is born in Canada, it is likely that he/she will be a Christian. Also, studies also reveal that geography influences interpretation of religion. It is also true for those societies, which are isolated because of their geography. For instance, those, who live in the Highlands, their interpretations, of religion, are usually more extreme. However, those, who live in large urban centers, their interpretation is more liberal, as large urban centers are ethical, religiously and culturally diverse; therefore, the understanding regarding religion is more expanded, allowing people to interpret religion more profusely. There are other factors too, which affect a religion’s interpretations, which include economics and progress in the realm of science, especially astrophysics and medical science (Williams, Meth and Willis).
21-GROWING E-COMMERCE
The concept of e-commerce is directly related to the internet, as the internet provides a platform to sell and buy products. As the paying methods have become simpler and secure, online buying and selling of products have increased drastically. Some corporations have developed virtual markets, which facilitate Business to Business and Business to consumer e-commerce. Statistics reveal that e-commerce is growing remarkably and it is positively impacting world trade. It is projected that e-commerce will grow further and this will allow developing countries access to the markets of the developed countries, which are more lucrative. However, e-commerce requires considerable time to evolve. It is because, despite improvement in paying mechanisms and security related to paying an amount for the purchase of good and service online, potential consumers are apprehensive regarding buying product or service online. This apprehension will subside gradually, which positively impact e-commerce (Emarketer).
22-ELECTRIC TRUCK AND CHANGING TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
Tesla Company has introduced semi-trucks, which run on electricity. According to the claim, by the company, these electric trucks are not the only environmentally friendly, but also they also cost less to transport goods. We also learn that these trucks can displace up to 300 miles with one charge. Since these trucks reduce the cost of transportation, many large transport companies have ordered these trucks; however, the size of the order is small, as these companies aim to verify claims of Tesla, Inc. This development will have a positive impact on transporting industry, as its reliance on fossil fuel-based transpiration system will reduce. However, the emerging transport system, which is an alternative transport system, has limitations, which include fewer charge-stations. Potential buyers know the fact that conventional transport vehicles are ideal for long routes or travels, as conventional gas stations are available in abundance. They believe that they cannot travel very far in electric cars (Thompson).
23-RESOURCE CURSE IS A RELEVANT THEORY
As per resource curse theory, when economies, which have a particular nature in abundance, they tend to exploit it for rapid economic growth. It makes the economic system extremely volatile, and development outcomes are also worse in comparison to other countries. The examples, of such cases, are plenty. One of the examples is Saudi Arabia, which is a Petro-economy. When oil prices were high, these economies performed exceptionally; however, when oil prices dwindled in the international market, the economic system got badly jolted, which pushed the country to take extraordinary measures. Another example is of Venezuela, which is also a Petro-economy and it is facing challenges because of low oil prices in the global market. We also learn that these countries have less democracy and their institutions are not well developed, exactly what resource curse theory predicts. From the studies of various economic systems around the world, we learn that when an economy is based on the abundant resource, such petrol-economies, it’s more volatile (Constable).
24-DATA AND MARKET
A market is a place where goods and services are sold. The demand for services and goods when meets the supply of services and goods; it determines the equilibrium price and output. It suggests that precise information regarding the size and nature of demand is imperative to establish equilibrium price and quantity, in a particular market. A couple of decades ago, in large and small markets, of goods and services, asymmetric information prevailed, which implies that not only consumers did not have much information regarding supply, nor did the supplies understand demand. Because of the internet and its various instruments and tools, large corporations are not able to understand demand in a particular market. Similarly, consumers know which products or services are available at which price and from where. It has made markets more competitive and efficient, and their performance has improved evidence, which is apparent from the statistics. It will lead to smart-production (Chandrasekaran).
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