The Political Research Papers fulfill the University research requirement and may include but is not limited to research of; The Federal Reserve, Czars, executive orders, U.S. Debt, political issues, politicians, voting records, media bias, conducting polls, observing Congressional hearings, discussing civil liberties and understanding the historical accuracy behind the constitution of the United States. Students must write their entire papers. Do not copy, paste and merely site. Do not site another person’s paper. The only thing that should come up in Turn it in as plagiarized is the website or info used to conduct research. Do not quote definitions as part of your writing. If used, Quotes must be approved by the instructor. This is analytical writing/discussion, based on research conducted. It is suggested that correct headings or numbers are identifiable on each assignment.
Solution
SECTION 1: FIND OUT WHO YOUR POLITICIANS ARE BASED ON YOUR DOMICILE AND DISCUSS YOUR LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL POLITICIANS.
Politics, of a politician, are based on either local issues, or national issues, which is also true of the politicians from Fresno (California). Studies, regarding domestic politics, reveal that matters about foreign affairs seldom dominate the national political discourse. When we study the political agenda and political campaigns of local politicians, from Fresno, we learn that local and national issues dominate their political agendas and campaigns.
Politicians from Fresno
- Henry T. Perea is a politician, who claims to represent moderate political views and business community of California State. Before she was elected to California State Assembly (in 2010), he represented the 31st District, which encompasses Western Fresno (BallotPedia.Org).
- The Mayor of Fresno (California) is Lee R. Brand, who is not only a politician but also a businessperson. He is the 25th Mayor or City, who emphasized on socioeconomic issues during his campaign for the Mayor of Fresno. He replaced Ashley Swearengin in the year 2017 (Ellis).
- Ashley Emile Swearengin was the 24th Mayor of the City. She is considered an extraordinary politician and it is quite apparent from her political career. Twice she has been elected as the Mayor of the city; first on November 4 of the year 2008 and again in the year 2012. In addition to that, she is second female mayor of Fresno (Revolvy).
- Clinton J. Oliver is another politician from Fresno, who is serving as City Council representative. He is a local politician, whose politics revolves around local issues. In June of 2010, he was elected to the City Council.
There are other politicians too, from Fresno, whom politics are based on local and national issues. Almost all of these politicians are associated, ideologically or otherwise, with Democratic or Republican party.
SECTION 2: DISCUSS EXECUTIVE ORDERS
Before we discuss Executive orders, it is imperative to discuss the federal government’s structure of the United States. The federal government is comprised of three branches, 1) Legislature, 2) Executive, and 3) Judiciary. President, who issues executive orders to address matters or manage affairs of a particular type, heads the executive branch of federal government. As executive orders are constitutional; therefore, they have great significance and relevance.
An executive order, issued by President, is a directive that has a definite objective and effects. As these executive orders have the force of law; therefore, they are legally binding. The constitutional article, which gives the authority to a president to issue an executive order to manage matters about administration, enforcement of the law and managing of affairs, is Article II of United States’ Constitution. In addition to Article II of the United States’ Constitution, the capacity to pass such executive orders is also based on explicit and implicit Acts of Congress, which have delegated authority of a discretionary nature to the President. Such power or authority is delegated because the legislature and judiciary are inherently unhurried branches of the federal government that take considerable time to produce results (Blake).
Executive Orders are not absolved from judicial scrutiny. An executive order must be constitutional in nature and execution. It suggests Judiciary can overturn executive orders if they are not constitutional (contradicts with the US Constitution and Law). Also, if an executive order is in contradiction with the statute, United States’ Supreme Court may declare such executive order null and void.
It is true that to attend serious matters, legislature play an important part; however, to manage the internal government affairs, executive orders are of great significance and relevance. Also, to extend executive orders can influence major policy initiatives. Furthermore, executive orders influence the enforcement of legislation, which allows a party to implement its agenda. For instance, legislation about emergencies and waging of war can be implemented vigorously if the executive decides (Blake).
SECTION 3: DISCUSS JUDGES (FEDERAL AND STATE) AND JUDICIAL ACTIVISM VS. JUDICIAL RESTRAINT
From the discourse, it is apparent that a federal Judiciary constitutes the third branch of federal government. Role of the Judiciary is very explicitly explained in the Constitution. However, the constitutional role of the judiciary has slightly changed over the years, primarily because of the liberal interpretation related to Supreme Court’s jurisdiction and capacity to interpret the constitution and examine the constitutional health of statues and executive orders.
The Judicial branch, of the federal government, is a consequence of Article III of the United States’ Constitution. It not only establishes it, but also it empowers the judicial branch. The Article III of American Constitutions says that the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
From this Article, it is apparent that the Supreme Court is a creation of the American Constitution; however, Congress creates the lower federal courts. Also, we learn that state courts are the creation of both constitution and laws of each state. The Court of Last Resort remains Supreme Court; however, some states also have appellant courts. Beneath these courts are state courts, where a trial is conducted (trial court). At the state level, these courts are further divided to attend legal matters of a particular type, such family court, juvenile court, etc.
Judicial Activism
Judicial Activism is understood as judicial rulings, which are grounded more in personal opinion rather than on existing law. Legal experts and constitutionalists are usually against judicial activism, as it creates not only legal complications, but also social, political and sometimes economic. Also, Judicial Activism also undermines the concept of separation of power and tries to overshadow other branches of federal government. One such example of Judicial Activism is Roe v. Wade, in which Supreme Court that Texas’ law of criminalizing abortion was unconstitutional.
Judicial Restraint
It is a judicial theory, which encourages judges to be passive in exercising their judicial authority. Also, a judge should not strike down a law, only because he/she feels that the law is unconstitutional. However, if a law is apparently unconstitutional and require very little effort to prove it then as the custodian of the Constitution and Supreme authority to interpret it, Supreme Court Judge must strike it down (judicial wisdom) (Toobin).
SECTION 4: DISCUSS ONE EXAMPLE OF ABUSE OF POWER
In December, of the year 2005, it was made public by New York Times that Bush Administration was tapping calls of Americans. When this matter was further investigated, it was discovered that through the executive order, President Bush had allowed the National Security Agency to tap calls of Americans without a warrant. As there was no probable cause to take such extreme measure and as this measure was unconstitutional; therefore, it was kept secret.
Eventually, ACLU moved the court and challenged the constitutional health of the executive order. A federal judge, of Detroit court, found the program illegal. It was because NSA did not have a probable cause to listen to private calls. However, in the Appellant Court, the decision as overturned as ACLU did not have the evidence that such program existed. However, in the year, 2007, 110th Congress had chosen to terminate any such program, if it existed (Ellis).
There are several such other examples, of abuse of power, which is more heinous than the example provided in this section. The abuse of power is more common and more heinous in developing countries, rather than in developed countries. The reason for such disparity is that in developing countries, institutions are not fully developed and mature, which is they there is no strong system of checks and balances in place. In comparison, in developed countries, state institutions are mature and evolved, which deters abuse of power by an individual and institutional.
SECTION 5:
a-Fisa warrant / dossier / FBI / email scandal
Trump-Russia Dossier
This dossier, which is a private dossier, is comprised of 17 memos, which British Intelligence officer Christopher Steele (MI6 officer) sent. In the memos, it was alleged that Trump campaign and the Russian government were working together to produce desired results. In these memos, it was also alleged that Trump campaign was financially being aided in meeting their objectives.
The content of these memos was so serious and controversial that it strongly affected the political landscape of the United States. As the allegations had some substance; therefore, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), started to scrutinize the legal health and validity these allegations. Also, it also started to investigate the health of evidence, which was referred by Christopher Steele.
Until now, the FBI has found some of the content or accusations, of memos, valid; however, the remaining content is yet to be proved or disproved. Already Trump Administration has been under extreme political and legal stress because of these allegations. The dossier has added to the worries of Trump Administration, and it seems that the Russian Collusion case will continue to worry Trump Administration for a very long period. It may cost him his Presidency if the content of the memos or the accusations is found valid (Mayer).
The Russia Collusion case and Steele Dossier are legal matters with serious implications. These matters are more serious than E-mail Scandal of Hillary Clinton, in which she irresponsibly used private serve to send highly classified e-mails.
b-Agenda 21
Agenda 21 is non-binding United Nation’s program that aims sustainable development. It is a consequence of the Earth Summit, which was held in the year 1992 in Brazil. Governments implement this agenda at the local, national, and international level and in its implementation; non-governmental organizations assist governments around the world (Mayer).
Sustainable Development is such economic development, which has minimum social and environmental cost. Therefore, implementation such agenda is difficult.
c-Benghazi
Ansar-ul-Shaira attacked two American facilities in Libya, which killed two American soldiers. The investigation revealed that these facilities had requested for additional security; however, these requests were ignored. The investigation also found out that Hillary Clinton desired American presence in Libya; however, as secretary of State, she could not allocate adequate resources to American facilities (Ellis).
CONCLUSION: WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED COMPLETING THIS ASSIGNMENT? DISCUSS.
It was a comprehensive assignment, in which I was asked to discuss various subjects about local and international politics. When I investigated different subjects, I learned about various aspects of these subjects. For instance, I learned that what Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint mean and how they affect political and legal systems. I also learned about the nature and role of executive orders.
I did not know how executive orders could influence administrative machinery and state institutions. I also learned that how a statue or law is implemented makes an enormous difference. Also, my understanding of local and national politics also expanded as I learned the difference between the two. I discovered that international issues seldom influence local and national politics. However, learning about the structure of the federal government and the role of the American Constitution, is most intriguing.
Work Cited
BallotPedia.Org.” Henry T. Perea.” Ballotpedia.Org. Ballotpedia.Org, 1 January 2018. Web. 10 March 2018. https://ballotpedia.org/Henry_T._Perea.
Blake, Aaron. “What is an executive order? And how do President Trump’s stack up?” The Washington Potst. The Washington Post, 27 January 2017. Web. 10 March 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/27/what-is-an-executive-order-and-how-do-president-trumps-stack-up/.
Ellis, John. “Lee Brand rises from humble roots to thrive in business, seek mayor’s office.” Fresnobee. Fresnobee, 1 October 2016. Web. 10 March 2018. http://www.fresnobee.com/news/politics-government/election/local-election/article105307371.html.
Mayer, Jane. “Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump Dossier.” The New Yorker. The New yorker, 10 March 2018. Web. 10 March 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/christopher-steele-the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier.
Revolvy. “Ashley Swearengin.” Revolvy. Revolvy, 31 December 2017. Web. 10 December 2018. https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Ashley%20Swearengin.
Toobin, Jeffrey. “Activism V. Restraint.” The New Yorker. The New yorker, 24 May 2010. Web. 9 March 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/05/24/activism-v-restraint.
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