1-DESCRIBE, WITH EXAMPLES HOW THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY CONTRIBUTION IN THE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR.
Regarding the Psychology of organizational behavior, it is analyzed that human behavior is noticed that how people are performing. However, with the prediction of the behavior of the human, there is the focus on observing the dynamics as well as the personal factors. In philosophy, there is the focus on the personality theorists and counseling psychologists which may include the person’s behavior, thoughts, feelings, etc. That’s how a person is performing in an organization.
Social Psychology could be explained as the human cognition for influences culture, or human beings are influenced by culture. In the cultural influence, there may be the focus of the society with the conformity, persuasion, power. Consequently, in the society, there can be specific sexism stereotyping and racism that a person needs to be followed in an organizational behavior. In Sociology, there is the involvement of the social psychologists so that the needs of human beings could be satisfied as individual needs. In the sociology of the organizational behavior, there is the focus on the attitude towards organizational behavior; it is analyzed that culture is a system in which learned behavior of people is focused according to the culture and environment (Robbins and Judge).
Concerning the focus of sociologists, a person is behavior is analyzed under the social systems of the organizational culture of a formal organization. The group decision-making process and performance, according to the need’s focus on the aim of Anthropology, etc. Moreover, there is the focus on the human being’s behavior in the organizational environment concerning the aspects related to the individuals and languages. For psychology, social psychology and anthropology, it is known that distinctive behavior characteristics of a person’s behavior in the organization are focus regarding the power, conflict, bureaucracy, etc. that’s how one deals with human interaction and how differences could be made in people regarding the physical and cultural basis (French).
2-COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN SURFACE-LEVEL AND DEEP-LEVEL DIVERSITY (PROVIDE EXAMPLES)
The surface-level diversity and deep-level diversity could be explained as the demographic attributes in which the surface-level diversity include the race, gender, and age and the deep-level diversity include the values, beliefs, and attitudes. However, for the example of both, it could be said that the surface-level diversity could make judgments regarding the aspects related to the deep-level diversity. While giving the example of Negroes in a company of white people, it could be said that the Negro is different from the surface-level diversity as the race, gender, and age can be different, even white people can also be different from each other based on the gender, race, age. In this way, people can feel discriminated against if there is a culture of discrimination in the company. Regarding the deep-level diversity, one can feel isolated based on the values, beliefs, and attitudes. Thus, it is concerned that everyone in the organization needs to be treated equally.
3-DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING FOLLOWIING CONCEPTS/THEORIES OF PERSONALITY.
The Big 5 Personality Model
In the big 5 personality model, there are five core personality traits which include “neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness” however, each person has the own imaginations and insights, and every person has own traits (Robbins and Judge).
The Dark Triad (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy)
The dark triad is involved in the psychology as well as in the business management. However, the people scoring high in dark triad can commit crimes due to social distress; these people can also create severe problems. The narcissism, people are pride, egotism, in Machiavellianism people deceive and in Psychopathy people are selfish (Robbins and Judge).
Self-Monitoring
Self-monitoring people have some specific personality traits; however, they can regulate behavior. Moreover, these people can accommodate social situations and closely monitor the audience (Robbins and Judge).
Proactive Personality
A proactive personality could be explained as the individual differences or the people’s proclivity. However, there could be a personal initiative with the various activities (Robbins and Judge).
4-COMPARE AND CONTRAST IN THE FOLLOWING THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
A-Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs could be explained as the theory in psychology that was presented by Abraham Maslow. There could be involved of the humans’ innate curiosity and aspects like physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem as well as self-actualization that is important to satisfy a need in the organization (Robbins and Judge).
B-The Two-Factor Theory
The two-factor theory is different as compared with the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs there is focus on the psychological needs, whereas, in the two-factor theory, there are concerns regarding the job satisfaction and traits that cause dissatisfaction (Robbins and Judge).
C-McClelland’s Theory of Needs
However, in the theory of McClelland’s, there is the existence of the three main motivators that are present in the people; however, there is also the need for achievement as well as affiliation, or power. These traits are not inherent; people can get from life experiences or culture. Moreover, people solve the problem to achieve goals (Robbins and Judge).
5-COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING REINFORCEMENT TECHNIQUES
A-Provide Reinforcement
They provide reinforcement could be explained as the buildings and bridges which provide strength to the human and the example there could be a focus on the concrete in tension or to provide the help to strengthen an organism’s future (Robbins and Judge).
B-Ignore/ Extinction
This behavioral definition could be explained as the behavior when a person gets nothing for his efforts. However, for example, it could be explained as when someone ignores a behavior, and there is no attention for one (Robbins and Judge).
C-Punishment
The punishment could be explained as the unpleasant outcome which can be there by one. However, this behavior is thereby an authority and example it may involve the criminal law or particular action that deemed undesirable (Robbins and Judge).
D-Negative Reinforcement
The negative reinforcement could be involved in the operant conditioning; it is the response or behavior that could be strengthened by stopping one or removing one; example, there could also be bad behavior due when someone stops from a negative outcome (Robbins and Judge).
6-DESCRIBE EQUITY THEORY AND EXPECTANCY THEORY WITH EXAMPLES OF HOW EACH THEORY WORKS IN E BUSINESS SETTINGS
In the organizational setting the equity theory could be explained as the behavior that is influenced by the norm of equity; however, there could be a focus on the inequitable relationship attempt, and there could be efforts to reduce the resultant distress. Moreover, in the organization, the focus of this theory is to deal with the psychological/perceived equity to manage the relationship (Beugré). There could be centered on discriminatory relationship endeavors with the end goal to diminish the resultant misery. However, in the expectancy theory, there is the focus on the work motivation; so that worker motivation stays motivated through the perceived value of the particular reward the reward is given on one outcome; example, there is the instrumental outcome. Both the theories are applied in the organizations by giving freedom as well as through focus on the reward system so that people stay motivated (Robbins and Judge).
7-DESCRIBE THE PUNCTUATED-EQUILIBRIUM MODEL. GIVE EXAMPLES
The punctuated equilibrium could be explained as the evolutionary changes that could be there in the dynamic model of evolution, however, the environmental factors can be involved within the species or class. The punctuated equilibrium focusses on the new evolutionary adaptation there could be the involvement of the species. To quote an example of the sea animals, it is analyzed that for thousands of years the sea level changes so the species of the sea animals can also be changed and the species can be adopted with the accommodate the environmental change. Sea animals can be evolutionarily different from their ancestors in this way. Moreover, with the species of worms there could also be changes in the worm species due to the climate changes as with the change in the pH level which focuses on soil to change and in this way, worms can die or adopt new abilities (Robbins and Judge).
Work Cited
Beugré, Constant D. The Neuroscience of Organizational Behavior. 1. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
French, Ray. Organizational Behaviour. 2. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Robbins, Stephen P and Timothy A Judge. Organizational Behaviour. 17. Pearson Education Limited, 2017.
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